Thursday, October 10, 2013

The Christological Hymn of Philippians 2 should be Interpreted in light of Gen 1!


Today, while I was proctoring the midterm exam of the Paul course, I was reading Jerome Murphy-O’Connor’s Paul: A Critical Life (1996). In his section on Paul and the Philippian community, he argues that the famous Christological hymn in Philippians 2 should be read through an Adamic typology lens, hence, vis-a-vis Genesis 1. At that moment, I experienced a kind of intellectual epiphany and realized that Jerome MOC’s explanation is actually the best one I’ve encountered so far.


The Christological hymn has always been used to claim an early notion of pre-existence in the New Testament and has been lined up with John’s Prologue on the Word in order to prove, among other things, the notion that even biblical writers had some idea of Christ’s divinity that early on in the tradition. Well, Philippians 2 is actually based on a re-reading of Genesis 1. Adam, made in God’s image (hence, the mention of Jesus as being in the “form” of God), fell from grace and did not fulfill his original destiny of being God’s glorious image but instead had to be subjected to the punishment of a life as a slave - toiling, experiencing hardship and eventually dying. Christ, on the other hand, was faithful all throughout to God’s will and did not deserve any punishment at all. However, he freely subjected himself to the lot of Adam and thus he can be humanity’s rightful saviour and was raised to the glory that Adam was supposed to have attained if he had not fell.


This Adamic typology of course makes so much sense because Paul elaborates on it in other parts of his corpus of works such as in the letter to the Romans 5.


Jerome MOC’s insight is of course not a new thing. As he states in his book (p. 227), he already wrote about it back in 1976 and James D.G. Dunn also wrote about it in 1980. It’s just a wonder why I never paid attention to this aspect of Philippians 2 up until today!

Thanks, Jerome Murphy-OC for this insight. Intellectual epiphanies are what make an academic dedicated to the pursuit of truth and learning so happy. I cherish and relish them!

Sunday, October 6, 2013

The Pope Francis Interviews: Some Things that Strike Me


I’m following rather closely how Pope Francis’ papacy is unfolding. After all, last February in an online article (here), I prophesied that Pope Ratzinger’s resignation might bring about great changes.
The other day, I finally found the time to read in their entirety the two interviews of Pope Francis that have been creating a lot of buzz lately.


Interview for Jesuit periodicals <http://www.americamagazine.org/pope-interview>
Interview with Eugenio Scalfari, founder of the Italian newspaper La Repubblica <http://www.repubblica.it/cultura/2013/10/01/news/pope_s_conversation_with_scalfari_english-67643118/?ref=HRER3-1>


My overall reaction is very, very positive. After having written a very critical evaluation of the long tenure of Joseph Ratzinger (as prefect of the CDF and pope) last February (here), I was not expecting such a drastic shift of style of being pope in such a short while from this remarkable pope from Argentina. The Holy Spirit can sure pull some surprises!


Francis has proven himself to be a thorough “Gaudium et Spes” pope. That is to say, he embodies the so-called spirit of Vatican II as expressed in the Pastoral Constitution of the Church to the Modern World (Gaudium et Spes) in which it encourages the whole church to walk with people today in all their joys and sorrows. I make mine the reflections of my favourite theologians, Leonardo Boff, in his blog because I practically agree with all of them because they are also the thoughts that I have on Francis’ papacy so far.




With Pope Francis, the Third World has come to the Vatican
Leonardo Boff
Theologian-Philosopher
Earthcharter Commission


There is broad awareness of the many innovations that Pope Francis, the Bishop of Rome, as he likes to be called, has introduced in papal behavior and in his style of presiding over the Church, with tenderness, comprehension, dialogue and compassion. More than a few are perplexed, because they were accustomed to the classic style of the popes, forgetting that it is a style handed down from the pagan Roman emperors, from the name «Pope» to that richly adorned cape on their shoulders, the muceta, the symbol of absolute imperial power, which Francis promptly rejected.


We must remember once again that the present Pope comes from the periphery of the central European Church. He has a different ecclesiastical experience, with new customs and with a different way of experiencing the world and its contradictions. As he consciously expressed it in his lengthy interview with the Jesuit magazine, Civilta Catolica: «The young Churches have developed a synthesis of faith, culture and the life hereafter, which therefore is different from that developed by the older Churches». They are not characterized by change, but by stability and it is hard for them to incorporate new elements coming from the modern secular and democratic culture.


Here Pope Francis emphasizes the difference. He has the consciousness that he comes from a different manner of being Church, which has matured in the Third World. The Third World is characterized by profound social injustices, by the absurd number of favelas, shanty towns, that surround almost every city, by the always despised native cultures, and by the legacy of slavery shadowing the afro-descendants, who are subjected to great discrimination. The Church understands that, besides her specific religious mission, she cannot avoid her urgent social mission: to stand with the weak and oppressed, and to struggle for their liberation. In several gatherings the Bishops of the Latin-American and Caribbean continent, (CELAM), developed the preferential option for the poor in challenging their poverty, and the liberating evangelization.


Pope Francis comes from this ecclesiastical and cultural breeding ground. Here, in the Third World, these options, with their theological reflections, with their form of living the faith in community networks and with celebrations that incorporate the popular style of praying to God, are obvious matters. But they are not so for Christians of the old European Christianity, who are filled with traditions, theologies, cathedrals and a sense of the world impregnated with the Greek-Roman-Germanic culture in the articulation of the Christian message. Because the Pope comes from a Church that gave centrality to the poor, he first visited the refugees in the Isle of Lampedusa, continued with the Jesuit center in Rome, and then the unemployed in Corsica. It is natural for him, but it is almost a «scandal» for the Roman curia, and unprecedented to other European Christians. The option for the poor reaffirmed by the last Popes was purely rhetorical and conceptual. There was no real encounter with the poor and with those who suffer. Francis does exactly the opposite: the good news is affective and effective praxis.


Perhaps these words by Francis clarify his style of living and of seeing the mission of the Church: «I see the Church as a field hospital after a battle. It is useless to ask a gravely wounded soldier if his cholesterol and blood sugar are high. First the wounds must be healed, then we can talk of the rest». «The Church, --Pope Francis continues--, often focuses on small things, on petty precepts. The most important, much better, is to first announce: "Jesus saved you". For this, the ministers of the Church must in the first place be ministers of mercy. The structural and organizational reforms are secondary, that is, they come later. Therefore, the first reform must be the reform of attitude». «The ministers of the Gospel must be capable of warming people's hearts, of walking with them in the night, knowing how to dialogue, and also being able to enter their night, their obscurity, without getting lost». «The people of God –Pope Francis concludes– want pastors, not functionaries or clerics of the State». In Brazil, talking to the Bishops of Latin America, the Pope tasked them with forging a «revolution of tenderness».


Therefore, centrality is not given to doctrine and discipline, so dominant lately, but to humans, and their searches and inquires, be they believers or not, as Pope Francis showed in his dialogue with Eugenio Scalfari, the former editor of the Roman daily, La Repubblica, who himself is a non-believer. These are new winds that blow from the new peripheral Churches, touching the whole Church. Spring is really coming, filled with promises.


In a sense, the ‘Scalfari’ interview impressed me more because there Francis was talking with a professed non-believer and making points that, he hopes, are more universally valid.


In the Jesuit interview, what particularly struck me was Francis’ immediate reply to the question about what Ignatian principle helps him in his papal ministry: discernment. Of course, let me let Francis speak for himself:


QUESTION: What does it mean for a Jesuit to be elected pope? What element of Ignatian spirituality helps you live your ministry?”
“Discernment,” he replies. “Discernment is one of the things that worked inside St. Ignatius. For him it is an instrument of struggle in order to know the Lord and follow him more closely. I was always struck by a saying that describes the vision of Ignatius: non coerceri a maximo, sed contineri a minimo divinum est (“not to be limited by the greatest and yet to be contained in the tiniest—this is the divine”). I thought a lot about this phrase in connection with the issue of different roles in the government of the church, about becoming the superior of somebody else: it is important not to be restricted by a larger space, and it is important to be able to stay in restricted spaces. This virtue of the large and small is magnanimity. Thanks to magnanimity, we can always look at the horizon from the position where we are. That means being able to do the little things of every day with a big heart open to God and to others. That means being able to appreciate the small things inside large horizons, those of the kingdom of God.
“This motto,” the pope continues, “offers parameters to assume a correct position for discernment, in order to hear the things of God from God’s ‘point of view.’ According to St. Ignatius, great principles must be embodied in the circumstances of place, time and people. In his own way, John XXIII adopted this attitude with regard to the government of the church, when he repeated the motto, ‘See everything; turn a blind eye to much; correct a little.’ John XXIII saw all things, the maximum dimension, but he chose to correct a few, the minimum dimension. You can have large projects and implement them by means of a few of the smallest things. Or you can use weak means that are more effective than strong ones, as Paul also said in his First Letter to the Corinthians.
“This discernment takes time. For example, many think that changes and reforms can take place in a short time. I believe that we always need time to lay the foundations for real, effective change. And this is the time of discernment. Sometimes discernment instead urges us to do precisely what you had at first thought you would do later. And that is what has happened to me in recent months. Discernment is always done in the presence of the Lord, looking at the signs, listening to the things that happen, the feeling of the people, especially the poor. My choices, including those related to the day-to-day aspects of life, like the use of a modest car, are related to a spiritual discernment that responds to a need that arises from looking at things, at people and from reading the signs of the times. Discernment in the Lord guides me in my way of governing.
“But I am always wary of decisions made hastily. I am always wary of the first decision, that is, the first thing that comes to my mind if I have to make a decision. This is usually the wrong thing. I have to wait and assess, looking deep into myself, taking the necessary time. The wisdom of discernment redeems the necessary ambiguity of life and helps us find the most appropriate means, which do not always coincide with what looks great and strong.


The underlined parts above (my emphases) clearly show that Francis is not working with a ‘dogmatic’ mentality but is well aware of the ambiguity and contextual character of real life - this is why, he thinks, discernment is so important. Truly Remarkable!

I continue to monitor this remarkable man and this exciting papacy closely ...

Thursday, September 26, 2013

Despite Politeness, Exclusionary Attitude in Catholicism Remains if Teaching does not Change


An article by Jamie Manson at NCR struck me profoundly. Despite all the positive energy being generated by Pope Francis since his election in March, despite the real hope generated by Francis’ teachings, gestures and actions, such as shifting the focus from an inward-looking church to a more people-oriented church, simplicity, humility, and so on, the truth is, as Manson states eloquently in her article, wounds inflicted by the very rigidly doctrinaire reigns of John Paul II and Benedict XVI on people will not really heal unless certain teachings of the church do not change. Manson presents Catholic positions on homosexuality as a case in point. If homosexuality and homosexual acts cannot be seen as part of God’s overall plan for some humans and are treated as intrinsic evils, no amount of  politeness on the part of the church toward homosexuals will help alleviate the situation in a real way because, at the end of the day, they will still be considered as having chosen a “sinful” lifestyle.


This is why a deeper rethinking of Christianity and Catholicism, in particular, is necessary. It was why I couldn’t remain in a position of an “official” representative of Catholicism.


The full article of Jamie Manson is at:


Wednesday, September 11, 2013

The "Spiritually Independent"


I noted yesterday that the website Spirituality & Practice has organized an e-course entitled The Way of the Spiritually Independent by a certain Rabbi Rami


Moreover, Frederic and Mary Ann Brussat in the same website has an essay welcoming the so-called "Spiritually Independent" which advocates giving up the negative images about them as implied by the common appellations, “Spiritual but not Religious” (SBNR) and “Nones.” This is a welcome encouragement to change our paradigms about SBNR. I heartily endorse it!

Monday, August 5, 2013

MY QUESTIONS ABOUT JOHN'S GOSPEL OR ‘JOHN AS A THEOLOGICAL PROBLEM’

Robert Kysar in John, the Maverick Gospel concludes (p. 26) that “[w]e can be grateful to the early church for not excluding the Fourth Gospel from its canon. Had it done so, we would be far poorer.”
This is, I think, the conclusion of the majority of Johannine/biblical scholars regarding John. Now I think that there is a need to examine John, however, as a theological problem because there is a number of issues one can really consider major problems when dealing with the gospel not only in a literary way but more so in a theological way. Some of them can be expressed as: What problems resulted as a result of the tradition (in this context, ‘tradition’ means: the way of recounting Jesus’ life and person) that John began (or continued)? Did John’s focus on Jesus’ identity subvert the intentions of Jesus in his earthly career (Here I refer to the ‘real’ or even the ‘historical’ Jesus)?
Did the focus on Jesus’ identity and the high christology introduce a fundamental warp/distortion upon the “regnocentric” focus of the pre-Easter Jesus?


One specific area I wish to focus on is the following:
Itinerarium mentis (literally, ‘Itinerary of the Mind’ or Process of Development in the Faith)
Hypothesis: John disrupts the itinerarium mentis undergone by the first followers of Jesus
In his gospel, John immediately proclaims that Jesus is the logos, that Jesus is “one with the Father.” However, considering the matter historically, the early Christians reached those conclusions ONLY after a long process. Before they reached a high theology about Jesus, first, they had to encounter the figure of Jesus himself as a human. They had to be exposed to the words and deeds of this charismatic “rabbi” from Nazareth. They had to live with him, follow him, etc.


Now, if this was true of the first followers of Jesus, it cannot be said of communities and individuals who are introduced to Jesus predominantly by means of John’s gospel. John does not respect that long process but short-circuits it by proclaiming at once that Jesus is God “My Lord and my God!”  That’s the problem (for me)!


The Process of Faith
Before Christians everywhere could finally claim that Jesus was somehow divine, it took a long time and a long process of development in their corporate faith after long, arduous and even bloody struggles. When the gospels (especially John) came to be written down, that signaled the end process of a long developmental process.

However, in the case of John, the reader is invited to make a faith decision without respecting the fact that before such a faith decision could be done, one needs to go through a long process by which one encounters Jesus in his humanity, is attracted to this, then, after due discernment, considers Jesus a “prophet” or “rabbi”, then, from there, one makes the leap to consider Jesus as messiah of God and then as closely as possible to the being Israel called YHWH.

In light of all this, how are contemporary readers to make sense of this gospel, which, traditionally, has been the most popular gospel among Christians?

Saturday, August 3, 2013

Astonishing Denigration of Women and Sex from "Great" Christian Teachers

I've been following an article on the website Catholica by Dr. Christopher Geraghty about 'How Catholicism can be Revived" in the 21st century (here). In today's piece about sex and science, I found a compendium of truly astonishing denigratory remarks on women and sex from supposedly "great" Christian teachers such as Augustine of Hippo and Thomas Aquinas, unfortunately, only a small sampling of a whole history of woman-denigration and even downright misogyny in Christianity, particularly in Catholicism. The full article is found here but here are pertinent quotes.

+++from Geraghty article+++
To understand why our Church is now so hung-up on questions of sexual orientation and behaviour, and on the question of women's role in the institution, we should tune in, at least once in our lifetime, to the twisted minds of Christian leaders like Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullian [ca 160-225]Gregory of Nazianzan [329-389]Augustine [354-430]John Chrysostom [ca 347-407]Thomas Aquinas [ca 1225-1274]Albert the Great [ca 1200-1280]as they talk disrespectfully about women, about bodies and sexual activity. We should try to fathom the world these men inhabited. Once you have read the authors, you will be in no doubt as to why our Church has persisted in imposing on us, by rules, by teachings, solemn declarations and condemnations, such an unholy misogynistic culture, such pruriet attitudes which prevents her from saying anything meaningful to the modern world.
Tertullian"Do you not know that you are each an Eve? The sentence of God on this sex of yours lives in this age: the guilt must of necessity live too. You are the devil's gateway; you are the unsealer of that forbidden tree; you are the first deserter of the divine law; you are she who persuaded him whom the devil was not valiant enough to attack. You so carelessly destroyed man, God's image. On account of your desert, even the Son of God had to die". [TertullianDe Cultu Feminarum Libri Duo, bk 1, ch. 1, PL vol. 1 cols 1417-1419. Cfr. On the Apparel of Women, ch. 1, Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 4, ed. Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson, Christian Literature Publishing Co., New York, 1885, p 14]
St Gregory of Nazianzan"Fierce are the dragons and cunning the asps, but women have the malice of both beasts" [Gregory of NazianzanPoemata Moralia 32 vv 117-118, Patrologia Graeca (J.P.Migne) vol 37 col.925]
"What is the difference whether it is in a wife or a mother? It is still Eve the temptress that we must beware of in any woman ... If it was good company and conversation that Adam needed, it would have been much better arranged to have two men together as friends, not a man and a woman." [St Augustine of HippoDe Genesi ad litteram, Bk 9 ch 5, PL vol. 34 col. 396. Cfr. The Literal Meaning of Genesis, translated and annotated by John Hammond Taylor SJ., vol. II, Newman Press, New York, 1982, p.75.]
This popular theme of the pub mates, club comrades, lodges and football teams was taken up later, in the thirteenth century, by theologians and scholars such as Albert the Great and Thomas AquinasBoth tried to persuade their students that women were good for procreation and that once that work was done, their usefulness was limited. For all other activities and for true companionship, a man is better served by another man. A woman can make no contribution to a man's intellectual life. For these intellectual giants, women were in truth developmentally retarded men. They do not fulfil nature's primary intention viz. perfection. They are the weaker sex, with less physical and intellectual strength.[Albert the Great, II sent. 20, 1 and IV sent. 26, 6. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae I, q 52, a.1 ad 2; q 92 a.1]St Thomas believed that men have "more perfect reason" than women [Summa Contra Gentiles III, 123]and that because of a defect in their reasoning ability, like children and mentally ill persons, they are not permitted to act as witnesses in court proceedings [Summa Theologiae II/ II q. 70. a.3]. But let us return toSt Augustine and St John Chrysostom.
St Augustine"I consider that nothing so casts down the manly mind from its heights as the fondling of women, and those bodily contacts which belong to the married state." [St Augustine of HippoSoliloquiorum Libri Duo, bk 1, ch. 10. PL vol. 32 col.878. Cfr. Wolfgang Hormann,Augustinus, Opera, sect 1, pars IV, Soliloquiorum libri duo, de immortalitate animae.., Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum Series, Vindobonai, Hoelder-Pichler-Tempsky,1986. St Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, pars IIa,IIae, q.151 De Castitate, art. 3, ad 2, Marietti, Rome, 1952, p. 653.]
"The whole of her bodily beauty is nothing less than phlegm, blood, bile, rheum, and the fluid of digested food. If you consider what is stored up behind those lovely eyes, the angle of the nose, the mouth and cheeks, you will agree that the well-proportioned body is merely a whitened sepulchre" [St John ChrysostomAd Theodoram lapsum, para. 14, PG vol. 47 cols 297-299. Cfr. An Exhortation to Theodore after his Fall, The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, vol. IX, St Chrysostom, ed. Philip Schaff DD., LL.D., Wm B Eerdmans Publishing Company, Michigan, pp. 103-104. (Jacques-Paul Migne published in Paris, between 1856 and 1866, 161 volumes of the works of the early Christian writers who wrote in Greek. The series is known by its abbreviated title Patrologia Graeco-Latina (PG). The first 81 volumes contain only a Latin translation of the original Greek text while the remaining volumes presented the original Greek text together with a Latin translation in parallel columns. Migne also published, between 1844 and 1855, a series of 217 volumes containing the works of early Christian writers who wrote in Latin – Patrologia Latina (PL).]
St John Chrysostom"There are in the world a great many situations that weaken the conscientiousness of the soul. First and foremost of these are dealings with women. In his concern for the male sex, the superior may not forget the females, who need greater care precisely because of their ready inclination to sin. In this situation the evil enemy can find many ways to creep in secretly. For the eye of woman touches and disturbs our soul – and not only the eye of the unbridled woman, but that of the decent one as well." [St John ChrysostomDe Sacerdotio, Bk 6 Chapter 8. PG vol. 48 col. 684. Cfr. The Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church, vol. IX, pp. 78-79]
In reviewing the Church's attitude to the body, flesh, sex, marriage and creation, we should not bypass the Celtic traditions of the Penitentials which reflect the beliefs, the superstitions and practices of the Church in Ireland, in Britain and throughout Europe from about the sixth century to the tenth or eleventh century. The Penitential of Finnian of Clonard dates from the first half of the sixth century. Canon 46advised and exhorted that married couples should regularly abstain from engaging in any sexual activity, and for lengthy periods.
"...since marriage without continence is not lawful, but sin, and (marriage) is permitted by the authority of God not for lust but for the sake of children ... not for the lustful concupiscence of the flesh. Married people, then, must mutually abstain during three forty-day periods in each single year, by consent for a time, that they may be able to have time for prayer for the salvation of their souls; and on Sunday night or Saturday night they must mutually abstain, and after the wife has conceived he shall not have intercourse with her until she has borne her child..." [John T. McNeill and Helena M. Gamer, Medieval Handbooks of Penance, a translation of the principal Libri Poenitentiales and selections from related documents, Columbia University Press, New York, 1938, p. 96.]
The Penitential of Abbot Cummean was in circulation in the Frankish Empire in the early ninth century and was probably known in Ireland in the seventh century. It provided the penances to be imposed for a whole variety of sins (the many forms of gluttony, avarice, anger, violence, pride, misuse of the sacred species etc), especially sins of a sexual nature – fornication by a bishop, a priest, a deacon, bestiality by clerics, sodomy, oral sex, kissing, defiling virgins, polluting glances, suggestive advances etc. Within this context, the Penitential provided:
"30. He who is in a state of matrimony ought to be continent during the three forty-day periods and on Saturday and on Sunday, night and day, and in the two appointed week days, and after conception, and during the entire menstrual period.
31. After a birth he shall abstain, if it is a boy, for thirty-three (days); if a daughter, for sixty-six (days)." [op.cit., p. 105]
At he end of the twelfth century, Innocent III succeeded his uncle, Celestine III, as Bishop of Rome. He was elected by the Cardinals to be Pope when he was thirty-six years old and only a cardinal deacon. As a deacon he showed his colours in an essay on "The Misery of our Human Condition":
Pope Innocent III"Oh the supreme ugliness of sexual pleasure! It not only makes the mind effeminate but the body sick; not only stains the soul but defiles the person as well... Sexual pleasure is preceded by lust and wantonness; it is accompanied by a foulsome stench and uncleanliness; it is followed by sadness and remorse. Man has been formed of dust, clay, ashes and, a thing far more vile, of the filthy sperm. Man has been conceived in the desire of the flesh, in the heat of sensual lust, in the foul stench of wantonness.... Sexual intercourse is always infected – even in matrimony – with the desire of the flesh, with the heat of lust and with the foul stench of wantonness. Because of this, the union of the sexes itself is contaminated; whence, too, does the soul inherit the infection of sin....for in sexual intercourse one loses dominion over one's reason and thus sows ignorance; the heat of lust is enkindled and so anger is propagate; pleasure is satiated and concupiscence is contracted.
"When we purchase a horse, an ass, a cow, a dress, a bed, a chalice or only a water-pot it is only after having first tried them out. But man's financé is scarcely shown him lest he reject her before marriage. After marriage, however, he must keep her in any case – be she ugly, stinking, sick, stupid, proud, nagging or exhibiting any other fault.... Consider the food that nourishes the child in his mother's womb. It is evident that the embryo is fed by the menstrual blood; ... This substance is said to be so detestable and impure that it makes trees barren and vineyards unproductive. It can kill grass and if a dog eats out of it, rabies result. Should the menstrual blood infect the male seed it may cause leprosy and elephantiasis in the child." [Pope Innocent III (formerly known as Cardinal Deacon Lotario dei Conti di Segni), De Contemptu Mundi sive De Miseria Humanae Conditionis Libri Tres, bk 1 , chs 1-18 . PL vol. 217 cols 702-711. Cfr. On the Misery of the Human Condition – De Misera Humanae Conditionis, ed. Donald R Howard, tr. Margaret Mary Dietz, Bobbs-Merrill, Indianapolis, 1969.] 
Albert the Great, one of the great theologians of the thirteenth century, had a similar problem.
At Albert the Great"Woman is less qualified [than man] for moral behaviour. For the woman contains more liquid than the man, and it is a property of liquid to take things up easily and to hold onto them poorly. Liquids are easily moved, hence women are inconstant and curious. When a woman has relations with a man, she would like, as much as possible, to be lying with another man at the same time. Woman knows nothing of fidelity. Believe me, if you give her your trust, you will be disappointed. Trust an experienced teacher. For this reason prudent men share their plans and actions least of all with their wives. Woman is a misbegotten man and has a faulty and defective nature in comparison with his. Therefore she is unsure in herself. What she herself cannot get, she seeks to obtain through lying and diabolical deceptions. And so, to put it briefly, one must be on one's guard with every woman, as if she were a poisonous snake and the horned devil.... In evil and perverse doings woman is cleverer, that is, slyer, than man. Her feelings drive woman toward every evil, just as reason impels man toward all good." [Albertus Magnus,Opera Omnia, tome 12, Quaestiones super De Animalibus, XV, q.11, edition Coloniensis, published by Monasterii Westfalorum in aedibus Aschendorff, 1951.]
The heretical ideas of the second century Gnostics with their dualistic and pessimistic interpretation of the universe, their contempt for the body and all things material – ideas taken up and preached later by the Manicheans, and later again by the Albigensians or Cathars; the extreme, ascetical practices of monks and hermits from the third century and the strange mentality behind them; the Platonic and neo-Platonic dichotomy between body and soul; the ascetic dictates of Stoicism which floated in the ether breathed by the early Church; St Augustine's attitude to sexual concourse and his theory of Original Sinbeing spread like a disease by sexual intercourse; the belief of the early Church that the world was about to end in some general cosmic catastrophe; an emerging fear of women as temptresses, witches and successors of Eve who led Adam astray and upset the spiritual harmony of the world; the development of ascetical, repressive practices to emulate the sufferings of the early martyrs and to chain down the unruly moods and humours; the constant attempts of local councils of bishops to keep their clergy away from women, out of the presbyteries and sacristies, to preserve the accumulating wealth of the Church and enforce the dictates of celibacy – all these ideas and influences have contributed to destroying the creational message of Biblical literature and the fundamental message of the New Testament that the Word of God emptied himself and took on the real form and true character of a flesh man, and resulted in twisting into a tangle any possibility of a healthy theology of sexuality.
Just for fun, let us stop for a moment to recall just a few bons mots of Albert the Great on the subject of sexual activity and its consequences. He thought it was indecent to have sex on Sundays, feast days, on days of fasting and processions [IV sent. d.32 a.10]. Frequent intercourse led to premature ageing and death [de animalibus 1.9 and 15]. Too much sex thins out the brain and the indulgent person's eyes sink into their sockets and his eye-sight deteriorates [Quaestiones super de animalibus, XV, q. 14]. Excessive activity causes baldness because sex dries out the body of the participant and cools him out [ibid. XIX, q.7-9]. Being an observant scholar, Albert noticed that those who have sex often are followed around by dogs, because they are attracted by the strong smell of rotten semen [ibid. V, q. 11-14]. Let's leaveAlbert there, on that elevated note.
Our Church has much ground to cover, putrid stables to clean out before she can speak persuasively to the world and to us about the world, about our lives, our bodies and what they are built to do.
+++end of long quote+++

Gerarghty observes correctly that
Not enough attention has been paid to the beauty and goodness of God's creation, to human intimacy, to a transforming flesh-love between a man and a woman, the exquisite beauty of the human body, to our God-given spontaneous drives and impulses and to the realities of human existence.
It has always struck me that a primary factor why there is such a negative attitude towards sex and women in substantial parts of the Roman Catholic tradition is that theological discourse and thinking on moral issues have traditionally been done (that is, happily, changing little by little) by celibate male clerics who are part of a culture of clericalism that is narcissistic, dysfunctional, patriarchal and deeply condescending towards women and sex in major ways.

As if by coincidence, I also came upon an article in the blogspot 'Enlightened Catholicism' which deals with how Pope Francis, despite his bold and forward-looking comments on gays and women & Catholicism ("there is need for a deeper theology of women") is himself still deeply entrenched in the traditional patriarchal mindset described above. Check the article entitled "Pope Franics Is Not All That Evolved On Issues Of Sex And Gender" here.

Wednesday, July 31, 2013

Tom Doyle: Lessons from 30 Years of Defending Victims of Clergy Sex Abuse

 This is a powerful article from Fr. Tom Doyle, arguably, one of the foremost defenders of victims of clergy sex abuse today. I feel I should post the article in its entirety here. Although I have no experience in defending such victims, I have also seen and learned similar things during my years in the service. I still believe in the church, but ... as AN ADULT, NOT AS an unquestioning infantile person. More power to people who work for the peace and JUSTICE of God's reign! I've said it before; I'll say it again: Infantile belief in the institutional church is a form of idolatry, i.e., worship given to someone/something apart from God.

+++THE ARTICLE OF TOM DOYLE FOLLOWS (the emphases are mine)+++
from:  http://reform-network.net/?p=22122



THIRTY YEARS:  WHAT WE’VE LEARNED AND WHAT I’VE LEARNED

Thomas Doyle, J.C.D., C.A.D.C.

July 27, 2013


This year marks the end of the third decade of the contemporary chapter in the Catholic Church’s age-old reality of sexual violation of clerics.  In 1983 Jeff Anderson filed the historic case in Minnesota that would launch him on his life-long vocation of bringing not only civil but human rights to the Church’s countless victims.  That summer, the bizarre saga of Gilbert Gauthe was exposed to the light in Lafayette, Louisiana.
This nightmare did not begin in Boston in January 2002, as many erroneously believe.  It did not begin in 1983 either.  It has been a toxic virus in the Body of Christ since the very beginning.  The Didache, a handbook for the earliest followers of Christ, written before the end of the first century, explicitly condemns men who sexually abuse boys.  There were no “clerics” as such then so the “men” included the leaders or elders of the infant Church.
The Louisiana spectacle generally gets the credit for being the beginning of public awareness of the so-called “crisis.”  I daresay though that had Jason Berry lived in Minneapolis and not New Orleans, things might have been different.  Either way you look at it, Jeff in Minnesota and Ray Mouton in Louisiana opened a new era for the Catholic Church and in doing so, changed the course of its history.
When I first became involved with the Gauthe case in 1984 I still believed in the Church.  I thought the institutional structure I was part of, and the People of God described by the Second Vatican Council, were one and the same.  In spite of already having served three years on the inside at the Vatican Embassy I still had some confidence in bishops and shared the hope with my colleagues at the time, Mike Peterson and Ray Mouton, that once the bishops became aware of how terrible sexual abuse of a child could be and the potential for scandal of epic proportions, they would quickly step up to the plate and do the right thing, especially by the victims.
I was dead wrong.  Any lingering hopes I may have had were demolished by my experiences in the years that followed.  I had no idea back then of the extent of the problem but more important, and worse, I had no idea just how duplicitous and destructive the bishops could be.
Back in 1985 the transformation of the Catholic Church back to a medieval monarchy was underway but not yet in high gear.  There were still some good men holding down the office of bishop, most of them remnants from the Vatican II era of hope.  John Paul II, soon to be canonized, set about changing the Church by appointing men as bishops who had replaced pastoral compassion with unthinking obsession with orthodoxy that was for most, a thin cover for soaring ambition and lust for power.  The unified game-plan for confronting the “nuisance of pedophilia” as one bishop (A.J. Quinn, Cleveland) referred to it, was not so obvious in the first years of this era, but it certainly is now.
The Church’s response is actually the response of the governing elite, the hierarchy, not the community of the faithful.  It has been and continues to be shaped by a small number of celibate males, most of them bishops and above, none of whom have ever had any experience of parenthood and all who live in a monarchy significantly isolated from the real world.
I don’t think any of us who were around thirty years ago had any idea where this odyssey would take us.  Above all, we had no idea that the stubbornness, shock, conviction, anger, compassion, desolation, fatigue, disappointment and courage that we have all felt at one time or another, would propel the disparate and sometimes unlikely allies in this hellish drama to bring about profound changes in the Catholic Church and in our society.
We have discovered things that have shocked and stunned us that thirty years ago were well outside most people’s imagination.
1.      We have learned that it’s not “over” simply because the bishops say it is, and it won’t be over as long as the culture and institution that enabled the systemic sexual violation remains as it is.
2.      We have learned that the presenting issue is the sexual violation of children, adolescents and vulnerable adults by clerics of all ranks, from deacons to Cardinals, but that the most outrageous aspect of the scandal has been and continues to be the toxic response by the hierarchy.
3.      We have learned that both the Church and secular society had to be forced to look at child sexual abuse straight on and reluctantly accept the reality that it is a profound and lasting violation of a person’s body, mind and soul and to accept the harsh truth that violated children and adults have regularly been ignored.
4.      We have learned that the toxic and even vicious response of the hierarchy and clergy is deeply embedded in the clerical culture.
5.      We have learned that the root cause of the scandal has been the cover up by the hierarchy and not forces extrinsic to the institutional church such as an anti-Catholic media, a sexualized culture or a materialistic society.
6.      We have learned that there is a monstrous chasm between the authentic Christian response expected of the institutional Church and the actual experience of victims and their families.
7.      We have learned that the exposure of widespread sexual abuse by clerics has brought irreversible changes to the relationship between the Church and secular society.
8.      We have learned that John Paul II cared little or nothing for the victims of his priests and bishops but was instead concerned with protecting bishops, preserving the image of the priesthood and finding a focus for blame anywhere but in the institutional Church.
9.      We have learned that the clerical elite that runs the institutional Church is abysmally ignorant of the complex nature of human sexuality and therefore of the devastating effects of sexual violation on all levels of personhood.
10.      We have learned that the exposure of widespread sexual abuse at all levels of the institutional Church has triggered the exposure of corruption in other areas such as finance and a demand for accountability.
11.      We have learned that today’s bishops have a severely limited and deficient understanding of pastoral care.
12.      We have learned that the last two popes and the hierarchy have a seriously twisted notion of right and wrong whereby they protect or excuse clerics who violate children but persecute and punish sincere, faith-filled men and women who seek new and more effective ways to bring the Christian message to people in our twenty-first century culture.
13.      We have learned that victims who present themselves to Church authorities in a docile, deferential and non-demanding manner……who play nice…… will be tolerated but those who stand on an even level with the bishops and demand true justice will be treated as the enemy.
14.      We have learned that the Church’s leaders from the papacy on down have grossly underestimated the impact their action and inaction would have and the mortal blow this would deal their credibility.
15.      We have learned that some of the most morally compromised people in our society are lawyers who represent Church entities in sex abuse litigation.
16.      We have learned that the clerical subculture than runs the institutional Church is fed by a highly malignant, narcissistic spirituality that requires a docile, controlled and compliant laity to survive.
17.      We have learned that the passive-dependent relationship of the laity to the clergy, centered on sacramental rituals, has in general prevented little more than a passive, muted response from far too many “devoted” Catholics.
18.      We have learned that the strident defense of the institutional Church is grounded in either an ignorance of the authentic meaning of “Church” as the People of God or worse yet, an arrogant rejection of it.
19.      We have learned that blind orthodoxy has replaced courageous charity as the main focus of the papacy and hierarchy in our era.  Those who profess their staunch but limited orthodoxy and total loyalty to the pope and magisterium are concerned for their emotional security at the expense of charity towards victims.
20.      We have learned that the Church has in fact, responded to the victims with charity and support in their demand for justice, but it is not the hierarchy but rather the fundamental Church, the People of God.


The sex abuse phenomenon has affected peoples’ lives in a variety of ways. It has had a profound impact on my own life on several levels.  Most of the impact has been from what I have learned about the institution and its leaders and from my experiences trying to help and support survivors.
1.      I have learned that the sage advice I was given in 1972 by a distinguished priest who had been a peritus at Vatican II, who said “with bishops yes and no are interchangeable terms,” is true.
2.      I have learned that it is dangerous and naïve to place complete, unquestioning trust in the words and actions of the hierarchy.
3.      I have learned that the Vatican bureaucracy and the hierarchy are, for the most part, driven by fear.
4.      I have learned that the ontological change that supposedly happens at ordination to the priesthood is a myth that is sustained only to try to support and enhance clerical power.
5.      I have learned that constant, obsessive and unchecked anger towards the institutional church, the bishops and the papacy is not only debilitating but also self-destructive.
6.      I have learned that as long as I allowed my anger to dominate my emotions, the toxic and dark side of the Church still controlled me.
7.      I have learned that I needed to challenge and question every aspect of the institutional Church that I took for granted or believed without reservation, and that to gain a healthy spirituality I needed the freedom to embrace a higher power of my understanding and to reject that which was grounded in fear or made no sense to me.
8.      I have learned that the institutional Church, its bishops, priests and unquestioning followers are not the enemy.   The enemy is a destructive, heretical and anti-Christian virus called clericalism.
9.      I have learned that bottomless pits of money unjustly expropriated from the faithful, legions of lawyers, volumes of empty excuses and seemingly endless public relations verbiage are, in the end, no match for truth.


AN EPIC SHIFT

The contemporary history of sexual violation by Catholic clergy has not had a straight-line trajectory from 1983 to the present.  It has been a zig-zag pattern influenced by various factors including the quality of the victims’ interactions with Church officials, the evolution of the response of the secular legal system, developments in the understanding of the range of effects of sexual violation and on the reasons why people abuse.  These factors also include the quality of coverage by the secular media and the general recognition of the validity of the victims’ stories.
A crucial factor has been the fact that much of the evolution has been carried out in the arena of the civil law.  In the beginning victims and their families approached Church officials for assistance and for support.  They were almost universally disappointed and in their frustration they turned to the civil courts for validation and accountability.  The basic demand made by victims and their families was recognition and belief and that the cleric-perpetrator be dealt with by the Church so that he could never harm another child.  In the civil courts the Church was confronted with a power greater than itself.
Prior to 1983 the secular press gave no priority to the few cases of sexual molestation by priests that became known.  For example, the story of the trial and conviction of a priest for rape in a southwestern diocese was limited to a short paragraph, buried in the back pages of the local newspaper.  That all changed with the revelations of abuse and systemic cover-up in Lafayette LA in 1983.  Since then the media has slowly but surely shaken its deference to the institutional Church and has reported cases with increasing detail and with editorial support of the victims.
Once it became clear to the hierarchy in the U.S. that they could no longer avoid publicity and control the victims, the relationship with victims and their supporters became adversarial.  In the early years of this era if the victims acquiesced to the bishops and remained silent and graciously accepted whatever small monetary settlements were offered as well as the assurances that “father will be taken care of” the relationship remained uneven with the victims clearly in a subordinate and controlled position.
That quickly changed when victims realized, after presuming complete sincerity, that they were being lied to by the very men they were taught to believe would be the source of help.  Once the victims challenged the bishops and religious superiors both in private and openly, things began to change.  When the victims approached the civil legal system in rapidly increasing numbers, the sides were hardened.
From the late eighties to the present the relationship in general between victims and the institutional Church has been highly adversarial.  Part of this is due to the understandable negative reaction of victims and survivors to the institutional Church and to all of its symbolism and control.  Most of this is due to lived experience.  They have learned that as long as they play by the bishops’ rules without question of confrontation, the illusion of pastoral caring will remain.
Over the decades popes and bishops have made countless public expressions of regret for the abuse issue and have offered apologies to the victims.  The apologies generally take the form of “I’m so sorry for the pain you have felt” or something along those lines. While the individual bishops, bishops’ conferences and the popes are expressing their regret and their commitment to helping victims, they are at the same time viciously attacking them in the civil courts, spending hundreds of millions of dollars to defend themselves and to destroy victims’ credibility.  They profess they have committed themselves to making the Church safe for all children and vulnerable adults but only on their terms. All changes made by Church institutions such as background checks, training, review boards and victims’ assistance coordinators have been forced on the bishops.  The attempts to change civil laws to make them more favorable to victims have been vigorously opposed, generally by one group only, the Roman Catholic Church.
Their lack of credibility is hardened when some bishops, in spite of their zero tolerance policy, continue to put credibly accused clergy in ministry or cover for suspected clergy doing all they can to thwart any type of effective investigation.
Pope John Paul II ignored victims and openly sympathized with bishops and priests.  In the years that intervened between his first known direct awareness of the serious nature of the problem in 1984 and his death in 2005, he never acknowledged much less responded to even one of the thousands of letters and pleas made by victims of sexual abuse.  Requests for audiences were simply ignored with no response.  At the regular world youth gatherings, the pope met with representatives of all manner of youth groups, but never the victims of his own priests.
So, it is not difficult to understand why the lines are hardened and why trust simply does not exist even in minimal form.  When the bishops created the National Review Board in 2002 they populated it with what they believed to be “safe” people. The first board had a victim as a member for one term but there have been none since.  They also seriously underestimated the integrity of several of the initial members.  Since then they guaranteed the NRB’s irrelevance by selecting members who would not rock the boat or venture to far into the minefield in search of truth.  They sponsored the John Jay College’s second study, Causes and Context, but by controlling the focus of the study and the areas of research they made sure it would contribute nothing to the search for the real reasons why this epidemic has flourished.
In the first years after the Boston revelations in 2002, when the landscape dramatically shifted, I made several attempts to engage two bishops who were members of their sexual abuse committee.  I wanted to open up lines of real communication and pave the way so that bishops could begin to know victims and thereby gain a true understanding of just how horrific a problem lay before them.  I had several polite conversations but every planned meeting was cancelled due to “unforeseen circumstances”.  I knew of course that bishops are very busy men and I should have known that understanding sex abuse victims was not part of their agenda.
As the lawsuits continued to expose the systemic nature of the cover-up and deception, and as they prompted more and more victims to come forward, it became obvious that the bishops’ overall strategy had nothing to do with pastoral care or getting to the systemic reasons for the abuse epidemic.  Rather, their focus was defeating the victims in court and defeating any attempts at legislative change that would mean more to accountability.  The rank hypocrisy was too obvious to miss.
There is no reason to think the landscape will change in the near future.  There are stories of bishops who have shown compassion for victims but these are exceptions and certainly not the norm.  On the other hand the only bishop in the United States, Tom Gumbleton of Detroit, to stand publicly with the victims was removed from his post by the Vatican only weeks after his first public witness. The excuse given in the letter from the Vatican’s Congregation for the Bishops said that he had “broken communio with his brother bishops.”   That short phrase explains the strategy of the institutional Church. Protect the bishops at all cost even at the expense of the innocent boys and girls whose souls were demolished by the clergy.
Tom Gumbleton’s alignment with the victims was remarkable in that he was and remains the only bishop in the United States to publicly choose victims over the protection of the governing structure.  His witness is both profoundly important because of what it symbolizes, and at the same time powerfully disappointing because he was not publicly supported by or joined by even one of the other 450 bishops in the United States.
The real beginning of what hopefully will be an epic shift came in 2003 when Bishop Geoff Robinson (Sydney, Australia) publicly criticized Pope John Paul II’s lack of leadership in the abuse crisis.  In 2004 he retired from his position as auxiliary bishop of Sydney “for reasons of health,” an obvious euphemism.  Like Tom Gumbleton, he was fired because he “broke communion” with the bishops but he, like Tom, did something that was far more important and far more in keeping with the mandate given them by Christ:  he joined “in communio” with the men and women whom the Church’s priests and bishops had violated and whose trust they had mocked and betrayed.
Geoff published a remarkable book in 2007.  Confronting Power and Sex in the Catholic Church (Garrett, 2007) looked deeply into the two key areas that have driven the sex abuse phenomenon from being an isolated crisis to a part of a toxic culture.  His witness is remarkable because he publicly challenged the two main supports for the toxic clerical culture. He has continued his public witness through speaking tours, especially here in the U.S.  In coming here he refused to be intimidated by the Vatican or by the bishops of every diocese where he spoke, all of whom told him to abandon the tour and prevented him from speaking in any Catholic venue.
Most recently he has been joined by two other bishops, Pat Power, auxiliary bishop of Canberra and William Morris who was removed as bishop of Toowoomba for suggesting the Church think about ordaining women.  Together they have circulated a petition worldwide asking for a new general council to try and bring about the deep structural and ideological changes needs to truly confront the evil of sexual abuse.  In conjunction with the petition, Geoff has published another incredible book, For Christ’s Sake: End Sexual Abuse in the Catholic Church for Good (Garrett, 2013).
Catholics have asked why the priests have not spoken up.  The common answer is fear. But that fear has been broken by the creation of a “Whistleblowers Forum” of priests and religious women, active and retired, who have banded together to speak out, support one another and openly challenge the ecclesiastical system.
What I believe is a unique and revolutionary step has been the decision by the Capuchin Franciscan Friars of the St. Joseph Province (Detroit) to conduct a complete audit of their files and a review of the way their province has responded to reports of sexual abuse by its members.  The bishops have patted themselves on the back for their annual “Audits” every year but these are no more than self-evaluations with the same degree of integrity and credibility one would find in the Wall street financial institutions if they conducted their own in-house financial audits and volunteered to the IRS how much they thought they should pay in taxes.
The provincial, Fr. John Celichowski, took a major risk in starting the process because he knew it would open the province to complete exposure.  He took another major risk…when he asked me to be part of the audit-review team.
We worked together for over a year and produced the most complete report of its kind anywhere.  Furthermore this was the only ecclesiastical entity, diocese or religious order, in the world to open itself up to an outside study of how each and every report of sexual abuse had been handled and then to make results available to the public.
The Capuchin venture is historic and a fundamental move in a positive direction because it is not the enterprise of an individual standing independent of the ecclesiastical world, outside the gates of the monarchy, but that of an official body that is an integral part of the institutional Church.              Where will this epic shift lead?  We hope it will prompt other religious communities to give serious consideration to opening themselves to a similar, completely independent review.  My personal hope is that this momentous move may somehow prompt bishops to begin to see that there is only one truly authentic Christian response for the institutional Church and that is to honestly acknowledge the unchristian way victims have been treated and to reach out to those who have been harmed and offer honest compassion.  Nothing short of this will help the institutional Church find its way back to the community of Christ, the People of God.
  
July 27, 2013